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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
Warning [2] Undefined array key 59950 - Line: 275 - File: inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php PHP 8.1.2-1ubuntu2.14 (Linux)
File Line Function
/inc/class_error.php 153 errorHandler->error
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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Warning [2] Undefined array key 59968 - Line: 275 - File: inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php PHP 8.1.2-1ubuntu2.14 (Linux)
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/inc/class_error.php 153 errorHandler->error
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File Line Function
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/class_error.php 153 errorHandler->error
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/inc/class_error.php 153 errorHandler->error
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
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/inc/class_error.php 153 errorHandler->error
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
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File Line Function
/inc/class_error.php 153 errorHandler->error
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 23 ThreadedMode::showthread_threaded
/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
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/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
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/inc/class_error.php 153 errorHandler->error
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
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/inc/class_error.php 153 errorHandler->error
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 275 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
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/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
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/inc/class_error.php 153 errorHandler->error
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/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
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/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
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Warning [2] Undefined array key 60035 - Line: 331 - File: inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php PHP 8.1.2-1ubuntu2.14 (Linux)
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 23 ThreadedMode::showthread_threaded
/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 331 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 332 ThreadedMode::buildtree
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 304 ThreadedMode::buildtree
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 23 ThreadedMode::showthread_threaded
/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 331 errorHandler->error_callback
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 332 ThreadedMode::buildtree
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 304 ThreadedMode::buildtree
/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 23 ThreadedMode::showthread_threaded
/inc/class_plugins.php 142 threaded_mode_showthread_threaded
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 23 ThreadedMode::showthread_threaded
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/inc/plugins/threaded_mode.php 23 ThreadedMode::showthread_threaded
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/showthread.php 918 pluginSystem->run_hooks





Short & Sweet Mathematical Challenge #7



#5

Hi all, a new month begets a new S&S Math Challenge, #7 to be precise.

This time you'll have to use to the max all your math intuition,
skills, a lot of sleuthing, and a respectable amount of programming
ingenuity though, as always, the required program won't be neither
too difficult nor too long.

I can assure you that the answer to this particular challenge will
take you absolutely by surprise, you'll be enthralled by the
discovery process, then absolutely delighted with the unexpected
outcome. Matter of fact, you might want to tackle this challenge all by yourself, refraining from reading any posts in this thread till you find the solution on your own, so as to avoid spoiling the (considerable) pleasure. This is truly one of a kind, trust me !

So, it seems this would be reward enough for any HP/Math fan, right ?

Well, no. Just in case this isn't enough for you, there's yet another interesting (if material)
reward: a high-quality 1280 x 1024 image of this fabulous classic
"poster", scanned by myself, depicting three Classical and Woodstock
HP machines against an ancient pyramidal background, have a look at this small thumbnail:

This magnificent 1280 x 1024 image will be awarded to the first person (or persons, eventually)
who comes out with a working program and correct answers to the questions
raised by

The Challenge

This Challenge is structured in two parts. First, you must write
a program to compute a given function. Then, you must use your
program and intuition to answer a number of preparatory, training
questions about the function, ending in a Big Question[tm] which will require all your sleuth abilities as well as data
gathered from the answers to the training questions.

First part: The Program

Use your favorite HP calculator (most any will do) to implement the
following function h(n), defined for integer n greater
than 0
as follows:

         h(1)    = 1
h(3) = 3
h(2n) = h(n)
h(4n+1) = 2*h(2n+1)-h(n)
h(4n+3) = 3*h(2n+1)-2*h(n)
Your program must accept n as input and return h(n) as output,
where n is an arbitrary integer greater than 0.

If you succeed, you'll be in a most favorable position to answer the following training questions, which will increase your chances of finding a correct answer to the ultimate last question.


Second part: The Questions

Use your program to compute h(n) and a little sleuthing to
answer these training questions, in order. They are designed
to led you effortlessly, step by step, to the Big Question[tm].
(m and n are always arbitrary integers greater than 0).

  1. What's the value of h(2n) ? ditto h(2n + 1) ? h(2n - 1) ? h(m * 2n) ?

  2. For which n is h(n) = 100 ?

  3. For which n is h(n) even ?

  4. If n is odd and m = h(n), what's the value of h(m) ?

  5. What are the values of h(h(n)) ?

  6. For which values of n do we get h(n) = n ?

Second part encore: The Big Question [tm]

Just what on Earth does h(n) to n ??

This is, describe the simplest relationship the result value has
with the given argument. In English (or Spanish) you can state
this relationship unambiguously using just three words. Which ones ?


Notes:

In order to check that your program delivers correct results
for h(n), you might try to check out the following random cases:

     n  h(n)
------------
841 587
642 261
44 13
821 691
381 381
17 17
378 189
226 71
86 53
742 413
765 765
514 257

Give it a try, I'm sure you'll enjoy it ! :-)

Best regards from V.


#6

Hi Valentin,

First of all, my test program on my HP-71B. I used user-defined function and recursivity, close to the function definition:

10 DEF FNH(N)
20 IF N=1 THEN FNH=1 @ END
30 IF N=3 THEN FNH=3 @ END
40 IF MOD(N,2)=0 THEN FNH=FNH(N/2) @ END
50 IF MOD(N,4)=1 THEN FNH=2*FNH((N-1)/2+1)-FNH((N-1)/4) @ END
60 FNH=3*FNH((N-3)/2+1)-2*FNH((N-3)/4)
70 END DEF
Maybe the implementation on a RPN, limited-stack machine would be more tricky. It could be a challenge by itself.

I succeeded to find the relation between n and h(n), but I don't want to spoil the game right now. I will just say that fnh(168788912877) is 196856925369 (quite hard to check with the recursive method) and that the HP-71B Math ROM includes a convenient function to check this.

It was really a pleasure to spend some time on your challenge.

J-F

#7

Hi Valentin,



I already found the relation between n and h(n) and my phrase would be E.A.R.

I'll explain this later, because I first have to write my program. I manually compiled a table for n=1..20 and I discovered the relation fairly quickly.

Knowing the relation I could easily write a non-recursive routine, but I will try to write a program as if I don't know anything about it yet.


#8

Well, no program yet. Quite a challenge for an HP-32SII without recursion, but I won't wait for it to explain the E.A.R. in my previous post.



So here's the relation I've found


DON'T READ ON IF YOU DON'T YET WANT TO KNOW







DON'T READ ON IF YOU DON'T YET WANT TO KNOW







FINAL WARNING







Extract And Reverse is how I've put it.

Take n

Convert it to binary

Extract the part from the first 1 until the last 1 (so strip leading and trailing zeros)

Reverse this string of binary digit(s)

Convert back to decimal

Et voilá



And that explains why there aren't any even results; you'll always have a 1 as the LSB, hence an odd number.

And also why 2^n+1 doesn't change; two ones separated by zeros

And also why 2^n-1 doesn't change; all ones

Thanks Valentin, for this well spent night (local time is 21:00)


#9

I present only a HP-49G program (not perfect :)
<< -> n
<< n
IF DUP 0 >
THEN PUSH BIN R->B ->STR 3
OVER SIZE SUB SREV TAIL "#" SWAP
+ STR-> B->R R->I POP
END n
>> DROP
>>
BYTES => # 14775o 111.5
<< VPN >>

#10

For HP-48G:

<< BIN 64 STWS
R->B #0b SWAP

WHILE
DUP B->R
REPEAT
SR LASTARG
#1b AND
ROT SL OR SWAP
END

DROP B->R >>

I also did a solution for the HP-11C, HP-12C, and HP-42S, but I don't have the listings handy here.

--Carl


#11

Quote:
also did a solution for the HP-11C, HP-12C, and HP-42S, but I don't have the listings handy here

I found a clever solution for the HP-01 but the margin on my copy of this book by Diophantus is too small...

:-)


#12

You need to stop buying those chipo books with such small margins. Try the coffe-table edition next time !

Best,
ÁM


#13

Wise guys, eh? :)

Here is the code for the HP-42S. It's the most compact. The 11C AND 12C are similar, except for the issue of labels (single letter/number on 11C, nonexistant on 12C, use line numbers for GTOs), and lack of MOD function on both (use 2 / frac 2 *)


LBL “HOFN”

0

STO 00

(ROLLDOWN)

LBL 01

X=0?

GTO 02

ENTER

ENTER

2

STO * 00

MOD

STO + 00

(ROLLDOWN)

2

/

IP

GTO 01

LBL 02

RCL 00

R/S


#14

Quote:
Wise guys, eh? :)

No offence taken, I hope. I just couldn't resist after reading your original post.

Massimo

#15

Hi, Valentín:

While thinking about how to program this h function in a 15C, I'll post a simple program for the 16C which will compute the function:

   001 LBL A
002 0
003 x<>y
004 LBL 0
005 x!=0
006 GTO 1
007 RDN
008 RTN
009 LBL 1
010 SR
011 x<>y
012 RLC
013 x<>y
014 GTO 0

It works in any wordsize, but of course 64 will give the maximum numeric range.

I suppose that using the 16C for this challenge is kind of cheating. Indeed, I did not begin, as was required, by programming the function in my favorite HP calculator (most any will do); among the non-RPL calculators, only the 16C allows a trivial implementation.

The challenge is now for me to find a reasonably implementation in the 15C. Also, I'm not so sure I could express the relation (in English or in Spanish) in just three words.

Regards,
Rafael Millán.

#16

I suspect the horse has bolted (judging from the number of responses). However I'll make my contribution and await for Valentin to declare a winning entry before I look at the others.

Normally I treat these challenges as a spectator sport. They're typically most illuminating but require a prowess in mathematics that I don't posess. The word that caught my eye on this one was integer. I know a thing or two about (the computer representation of) integers. So I read the challenge a little more closely than usual and decided I could produce a solution.

Valentin said to use my favorite HP, so I fired up my 16C simulator (it works on the real one too). Here's the program:

001	LBL FN_H	;	n
002 [0] ; h=0 n
003 X-Y ; n h
004 LBL LOOP ; n h

; shift LSB out of n into carry { carry = n & 1; n >>= 1; }

005 SR ; n=n/2 h
006 X-Y ; h n

; shift LSB into h from carry { h = h<<1 | carry; }

007 RLC ; h=RLC n
008 X-Y ; n h

; Any bits left in n?

009 X!=0?
010 GTO LOOP

; cleanup--result into X

011 X-Y ; h 0
012 (RTN) ; not necessary if last in memory

And now the answers to the questions:

Quote:
1. What's the value of h(2n) ? ditto h(2n + 1) ? h(2n - 1) ? h(m * 2n) ?

1a: 1
1b: 2n + 1
1c: 2n - 1
1d: if m is odd, m else if m == 2x, 1 else h(n)
Quote:
2. For which n is h(n) = 100 ?

h(n) can never be 100.
Quote:
3. For which n is h(n) even ?

h(n) can never be even.
Quote:
4. If n is odd and m = h(n), what's the value of h(m) ?

n
Quote:
5. What are the values of h(h(n)) ?

n
Quote:
6. For which values of n do we get h(n) = n ?

2x - 1

Before I answer the big questionTM I have to confess to having cheated. Valentin invited us:

Quote:
to check out the following random cases:

I looked carfully at those numbers. If indeed they were "random" and not carfully contrived, I could see the (bit) pattern that led to my conclusion about the defining property of h(n).

Now, the ultimate answer: right-justified bit reversal.

Of course that's not what Valentin was looking for. I've wracked my brains to weave the "Earth" hint into the answer but it eludes me. I am sure that someone who more clever with word-play will get it.

BTW, right-justified bit reversal is a technique that is used in permuted index generation. One applicatition that springs to mind is DFT. I'm sure Knuth wrote about it in Sorting and Searching.

Cameron

PS: a corollary challenge. Write a program to compute the probability that Valentin's (random) test cases were all right-justified reversals.


#17

My answer to question #6 would be 'n is a binary palindrome'.

Regarding DFT, I think that the reversal is NOT right-justified (otherwise no even index would be generated).

J-F


#18

Quote:
My answer to question #6 would be 'n is a binary palindrome'.

h(n) is a palindrome iff n is a palindrome.
Quote:
Regarding DFT, I think that the reversal is NOT right-justified (otherwise no even index would be generated).

D'oh! You are, of course, correct. Apologies to all for the misinformation.

Cameron

#19

It occurs to me that my notion of palindrome may be different to everyone else's. As a computer guy, I tend to think of all bits (in a given parcel) as being significant. Consider this octet:

00001001

To my mind, that is *not* a palindrome although its right-justified reversal will have the same value. This demonstrates the flaw in my thinking. Since the leading zeros are numerically insignificant, it is a palindrome (although I would still contend that the octet *holds* a palindrome).

In light of this, your answer to question 6 would appear to be correct.

Comments?

Cameron

#20

Quote:
Quote:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. For which values of n do we get h(n) = n ?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2x - 1

This should read:

2x +/- 1

Serves me right for dinking with fancy formatting.

Cameron


#21

I dont want to provoke - because I havent got answer - but what about n=381 and n=765...?!

Csaba

Ps.: I am working on my solution. I dont believe in this 'binary-palindrom'... Its just pure mathematics... ;) But not evident...


#22

Well spotted! <Gently lays queen on her side>

It's obvious now when I reconsider it. All the odd palindromes < 2max - 1 must satisfy h(n) == n. Is there a simple expression that defines the series?

I'm off to bed. I'll check back in the morning.

Cameron

#23

Obviously my answer to 5 is only true if n is odd. The series that results from h(h(n)) for even n is fascinating. However I don't know what to make of it.

Cameron


#24

For n even, it's the first odd number you encounter after continually dividing by 2.

#25

It's trivial, but maybe(???) this will help somebody:

[[ 3 -2 ] * [[ h(4*n+1) ] = [[ h(n) ]
[ 2 -1 ]] [ h(4*n+3) ]] [ h(2*n+1) ]]

Csaba

#26

Thanks to all of you interested in my Challenge, whether 'posters' or 'lurkers'. Questions have been answered correctly and some working programs
have been produced, though some of you 'cheated' and found the answers by
analyzing the test cases I gave, instead of actually implementing h(n) as defined, which was the intended exercise. Well, so much for giving test cases, now for my solution and comments:

Note: All the code herein is for the HP-71B because its English-like BASIC syntax makes it very easy
to understand and vey easy to translate to RPN/RPL, while the reverse isn't exactly true. Also, even if you haven't got an HP-71B, you can try and run all the code and examples featured here by using Emu71, Jean-François Garnier's superb HP-71B emulator which you can download for free from that link.

First part: The Program

The Challenge required you to implement h(n) defined for integer n > 0
as follows:

         h(1)    = 1
h(3) = 3
h(2n) = h(n)
h(4n+1) = 2*h(2n+1)-h(n)
h(4n+3) = 3*h(2n+1)-2*h(n)
If your HP machine does natively support recursion, this is very easy to implement, like this HP-71B version, which defines a user-defined function FNH(N) which computes h(n) by making recursive calls to itself:
    10 DEF FNH(N) @ IF N=1 OR N=3 THEN FNH=N @ END
20 ON RMD(N,4)+1 GOTO 30,40,30,50
30 FNH=FNH(N/2) @ END
40 FNH=2*FNH((N+1)/2)-FNH((N-1)/4) @ END
50 FNH=3*FNH((N-1)/2)-2*FNH((N-3)/4) @ END DEF
Implementing h(n) in an HP calc without recursion is much more tricky,
and usually requires dealing with stacks to keep the parameters and
returns for the ever deeper recursive calls, but once you get the knack
of it, it's actually fairly straightforward.

However, for this particular challenge, where implementing the function is just for the sake of using it to do the sleuthing and answer the questions,
we can make do with a much simpler technique, which will allow us to instantly get the value of h(n) for a range of n values large enough for our purposes, and does not require recursion at all so it can be easily
implemented in most any HP calculator this side of the HP-67 or so.
Instead of recursion, we'll use a suitably dimensioned array (or range
of registers) to keep the function values, which will be constantly
reused to generate further values, substituting recursion for direct
array lookup
, like this:

    10 DESTROY ALL @ OPTION BASE 1 @ INTEGER H(1000)
20 FOR N=1 TO 1000 @ IF N=1 OR N=3 THEN H(N)=N @ GOTO 70
30 ON RMD(N,4)+1 GOTO 40,50,40,60
40 H(N)=H(N/2) @ GOTO 70
50 H(N)=2*H((N+1)/2)-H((N-1)/4) @ GOTO 70
60 H(N)=3*H((N-1)/2)-2*H((N-3)/4) @ GOTO 70
70 NEXT N @ DISP "Ready: Use FNH(n) (1 <= n <= 1000)" @ END
80 DEF FNH(N)=H(N)
Notice just how closely does this mimic the recursive version, only
using H(n) (the array) instead of FNH(n) (the recursive call). This
version does pre-compute h(1) to h(1000) and stores the results in
array H, to be used by the user-defined function FNH(n), just like
in the recursive version. Actually, you could use just H(n) directly,
instead of FNH(n), but this way both versions work alike and the
following examples using them are the same. Don't forget to RUN this
version for it to generate the values (RUN is not needed for the recursive defininition).

This makeshift, non-recursive version generates all 1000 values very
fast, and using FNH afterwards is much, much faster; however, it does take more
memory (to store the values) and is limited to the range 1-1000, while
the recursive version doesn't have any such limitation. But for quickly
and effortlessly implementing a recursive definition in a hurry, this
array technique does deliver the goods !

Second part: The Questions

Using our newly implemented FNH, we can do some sleuthing to try and
answer the questions, namely:

  1. "What's the value of h(2^n) ? ditto h(2^n + 1) ? h(2^n - 1) ? h(m * 2^n) ?"

    For the first question, we will try this, from the command line:

        FOR N=1 TO 5 @ X=2^N @ DISP X,FNH(X) @ NEXT N
    You'll get all 1's, so it seems that h(2^n) = 1.

    Similar command lines will quickly reveal that h(2^n+1) = 2^n+1 and
    h(2^n-1) = 2^n-1. As for h(m*2^n), sampling a few values like this:

        FOR M=14 TO 18 @ FOR N=1 TO 3 @ X=M*2^N @ DISP M;FNH(M);X;FNH(X) @ NEXT N @ NEXT M
    will make it crystal-clear that h(m*2^n) = h(m).

  2. "For which n is h(n) = 100 ?"

    Sampling any random values or range of values makes it obvious that
    h(n) in always odd, so it can never be an even value like 100.

  3. "For which n is h(n) even ?"

    Ditto. h(n) is always odd.

  4. "If n is odd and m = h(n), what's the value of h(m) ?"

    Sampling a random range of odd n values, like this:

        FOR N=431 TO 451 STEP 2 @ DISP N;FNH(FNH(N)) @ NEXT N
    makes it absolutely clear that in this case h(m) = n.

  5. "What are the values of h(h(n)) ?"

    Ditto. As we've seen in the previous question, if n is odd then
    h(h(n)) = n. If n is even, then h(h(n)) is n with all factors 2 casted out.

  6. "For which values of n do we get h(n) = n ?"

    This one is tricky. As we've seen in question (1) above, if n is a
    power of two plus or minus one, then h(n)=n. But are there any other
    values apart from these ? Let's try, add these lines to the program:

        100 FOR N=100 TO 300 @ IF FNH(N)=N THEN DISP N;
    110 NEXT N @ DISP
    Now running it (using RUN 100, to avoid clearing the array in the case
    of the non-recursive version), produces at once:
        107  119  127  129  153  165  189  195  219  231  255  257  273  297
    where the powers of 2 plus/minus one do appear (127-129, 255-257), plus
    a host of other values, but though it's evident that there's some structure
    to it all, it isn't clear what it might be.

    However, there are some signs here and there waiting for us to notice. Though the function's definition doesn't seem to have much to do with powers of 2, we've found that such arguments are indeed special. Exact powers of 2 are always smashed to 1, while their predecessors and successors are returned intact. Might it be the case that working in base-10 is actually
    confusing the issue ? How would it all look if we used base-2 instead, where powers of 2 are very 'round' numbers (10,100,1000,10000, ...) ?

    Let's try ! We'll show both arguments and results in base-2 and see how
    it all looks like. Altering line 100 above like this:

        100 FOR N=100 TO 300 @ IF FNH(N)=N THEN DISP N;BSTR$(N,2)
    and running it again (using RUN 100), we get these results:
        107   1101011
    119 1110111
    127 1111111
    129 10000001
    153 10011001
    165 10100101
    189 10111101
    195 11000011
    219 11011011
    231 11100111
    255 11111111
    257 100000001
    273 100010001
    297 100101001
    where it is obvious that all n being returned intact by h(n) share a
    common trait: their binary representations are palindromic ! Reversing
    their bit-order leaves them unchanged, they are the mirror images of
    themselves.

Second part encore: The Big Question [tm]

"Just what on Earth does h(n) do to n ??"

Well, once we've empirically explored how h(n) works and with our intuition
sharpened by our previous findings, it's only natural for us to make a bold final statement:

Given an argument n, h(n) massages it a little while and then simply, in three
words, reverses its bits.

As further confirmation, this command line:

    FOR N=121 TO 137 STEP 2 @ DISP N,BSTR$(N,2),FNH(N),BSTR$(FNH(N),2)  @ NEXT N
produces:
     n     n (base2)    h(n)   h(n) (base2)
-----------------------------------------
121 1111001 79 1001111
123 1111011 111 1101111
125 1111101 95 1011111
127 1111111 127 1111111
129 10000001 129 10000001
131 10000011 193 11000001
133 10000101 161 10100001
135 10000111 225 11100001
137 10001001 145 10010001

which clearly shows the bit-reversal at work for odd n. Even n are
treated likewise, but as they end in one or more zeroes, these
are rendered non-significant upon reversal, and do not show up in the
output, for instance:

    n = 136 = 10001000 -> h(n) = 00010001 = 10001 = 17

Conclusion

Of course now that we fully know what h(n) does, we can then proceed to write a new, non-recursive, non-array implementation of h(n), like this:

    10 DEF FNF(N)=BVAL(REV$(BSTR$(N,2)),2)

That's all there's to it. This single-line (more like half-line) user-defined function will do the same as our previous recursive implementation (reversing the binary bits of its argument), only orders of magnitude faster (a mere hundredths of a second for any legal argument), and using orders of magnitude less memory (neither recursion nor arrays involved, though it does use BVAL and BSTR$, which are keywords from the Math ROM, and REV$ which is a very popular keyword featured in a number of LEX files).

Well, that's as far as it gets. I hope you've found all this interesting and enjoyable
and perhaps even enlightening. Whatever the case, I'm sure you'll
agree with me that having such a perfecty normal-looking recursive
function definition actually perform a bit-reversal of its argument
is quite unexpected and kind of surprising, to say the least !

As I see it, it is like this function, instead of changing the arithmetic value
of its argument, it rather does alter its shape instead, its physical orientation
in some sense, disregarding the actual value being involved.

Mathematics are so beautiful. And these wonderful HP machines can serve
us well to sharpen our insights, our intuition, in this amazing journey.


As for the 'prize', all of you who have posted your ideas, programs and insights to this thread and wish to receive a copy of the 1280 x 1024 image in the mail, please send me an e-mail to my e-mail address listed here and I'll send it back to you at once.

Best regards from V.

Edited: 8 July 2004, 10:12 a.m.


#27

...but I try to find the series without recursion.

Cs.

#28

This is a very cute recursion! How did you come up with it?

Also, you might submit it to the online encyclopedia of integer sequences (if it is not already there).

Martin Cohen


#29

Hi, Martin:

Martin posted:

"This is a very cute recursion! How did you come up with it?"


As they say, "magicians never tell"


"you might submit it to the online encyclopedia of integer sequences (if it is not already there)."

It is: Sequence A030101: Base 2 reversal of N (written in base 10)

ID Number: A030101
URL: http://www.research.att.com/projects/OEIS?Anum=A030101
Sequence: 0,1,1,3,1,5,3,7,1,9,5,13,3,11,7,15,1,17,9,25,5,21,13,29,3,
19,11,27,7,23,15,31,1,33,17,49,9,41,25,57,5,37,21,53,13,45,
29,61,3,35,19,51,11,43,27,59,7,39,23,55,15,47,31,63,1,65,33,
97,17,81,49,113,9,73,41,105,25,89,57
Name: Base 2 reversal of n (written in base 10).
References Solutions to 17th USA Mat. Olympiad, Math. Mag., 62 (1989), 210-214
(#3).
Links: Michael Gilleland, Some Self-Similar Integer Sequences
Formula: a(n) = 0, a(2n) = a(n), a(2n+1) = a(n) + 2^([log2(n)]+1). For n>0,
a(n) = 2*A030109(n) - 1. - Ralf Stephan (ralf(AT)ark.in-berlin.de),
Sep 15 2003
Program: (PARI) a(n)=if(n<1,0,subst(Polrev(binary(n)),x,2))
See also: Cf. A030109, A036044, A056539.
Sequence in context: A000265 A040026 A093474 this_sequence A081432
A060819 A089654
Adjacent sequences: A030098 A030099 A030100 this_sequence A030102
A030103 A030104

Thanks for your interest and best regards from V.

#30

Here's a recursive solution for the HP-48G, probably also works on the derivative models as well. YMMV.

Note that the name of the object must match the references in the program. I had made a copy to make some modifications to, and missed one of the references, so I had a little co-recursion happening between two different objects. The amazing thing is that it worked. Well, until I deleted the older version. *Splat*

Also, I am curious here. Has anyone looked at how difficult this would be to implement as a recursive algorithm on a non-stack calculator? i.e. one of the TI calculators, not a higher-language beastie like the HP-71 and variants, that is.

In any case, here is my take on the function.

HP-48G recursive:

HOFN:

<< CASE
DUP 1 == THEN END
DUP 3 == THEN END
DUP 4 MOD
CASE
DUP 1 ==
THEN
- 4 / DUP
2 * 1 + HOFN 2 *
SWAP HOFN -
END
DUP 3 ==
THEN
- 4 / DUP
2 * 1 + HOFN 3 *
SWAP HOFN 2 * -
END
DROP 2 / HOFN
END
END
>>


#31

Let me try that again, with some spacing...

HP-48G recursive:

HOFN:

<< CASE

DUP 1 == THEN END

DUP 3 == THEN END

DUP 4 MOD

CASE

DUP 1 ==

THEN

- 4 / DUP

2 * 1 + HOFN 2 *

SWAP HOFN -

END

DUP 3 ==

THEN

- 4 / DUP

2 * 1 + HOFN 3 *

SWAP HOFN 2 * -

END

DROP 2 / HOFN

END

END

>>


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